a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. The strategies arise from all three learning models. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. d. fear. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. This is called the. c. psychodynamic. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. b. sociocultural Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. a. psychodynamic Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. 2.3.4. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. How so? Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. a. d. catharsis. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? c. irrational patterns of thinking. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. 78. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: 85. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. 153. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. 2.2.1.6. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. The development of personality. Track the accuracy of the thought. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. Criticisms. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? b. humanistic-existential. Describe observational learning and modeling. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). 40. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. 36. 48. 156. 12. b. behavioral-focused We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. c. ego. 56. None of the models are complete within themselves. b. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. d. propositions. a. Neural transmission. b. self theory. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. 1. 2.2.3.3. c. intellectualization. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! In the case of men. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. A story will illustrate the latter. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. The brain. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Simply: Figure 2.1. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. 2.3.1.3. The final section is a Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. 164. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. c. Sessions are primarily conducted in a virtual environment. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. c. psychodynamic d. displacement. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. d. classical conditioning. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. b. denial. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. We see this in the case of reflexes. b. existential. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. a. cognitive-behavioral A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. d. hormone therapy. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. So what do we do with this information? d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. c. deep brain stimulation. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. 70. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. a. psychodynamic Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. Banduras Classic Experiment. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. They are tied to experiences early in life. How so? Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. A cognitive-behavioral therapist would MOST likely recommend: Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. In this case, extinction continues. 109. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. b. rationalization. b. b. rationalization. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. c. transference. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. 2.3.1.5. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. What about other students in the class that you know? What are some issues facing the biological model? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. d. flight of ideas. 80. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. 25. Observational learning. a. d. object relations theory. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: a. cognition-focused therapists. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. Psychodynamic techniques. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. 35. b. exposure Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. 55. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." The Structure of the Nervous System. b. exposure therapy. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. d. synapses. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? a. catharsis. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. b. modeling. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. More on that over the next two sections. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. What is that factor? B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. b. delusional thinking. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. d. disengagement. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. b. develop depression even when not under stress. c. the id, ego, and superego. 2. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. b. social factors leading to stress. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a(n) _____ theorist. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. d. psychophysical. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. 30. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. Consider where students sit in a class. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. 86. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? c. Beck. 91. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Least difficult situations are handled first, followed by more difficult situations, all while rehearsing and mastering all the situations present in the hierarchy.
Dolores And Frank Catania Wedding,
Pecos Texas Migrant Camp Jobs,
Side Effects Of Ice Cubes On Face,
Linda Campbell Obituary,
Articles W
