There is also a Pap smear diagnosis of atypical glandular cells (AGC). Epithelial cells may also reveal underlying conditions, such as a UTI or kidney disorder. All rights reserved. For viral UTIs, doctors may prescribe medication called antivirals. The Cochrane Library reported that sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) helps to alkalize urine and can help reduce recurrent UTIs in women.8. WebIn men the origin of the squamous cells is the terminal portion of the urethra or, in rare cases, vaginal type of squamous metaplasia with bladder origin. A common excisional method is known as a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), where abnormal cells are cut away by a wire loop that's heated with an electric current. Leukocytes in the urine could be a sign that you have an infection or an obstruction in the urinary tract or bladder. Your healthcare provider may advise treatment. Learn about whats involved in a urinalysis and urine culture test. After collection of the requisite amount, place the lid on the container. MedTerms medical dictionary is the medical terminology for MedicineNet.com. Thus, a positive result is helpful, but a negative result does not rule out UTI.6 The nitrite dipstick reagent is sensitive to air exposure, so containers should be closed immediately after removing a strip. The result is a growing mass of abnormal cells that can grow to block the ureter or spread to other areas of the body. I am waiting to hear back from my uro's office but was wondering if anyone is familiar with this. Squamous Cell - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics A healthcare provider can also collect a urine sample for a cytology test during a cystoscopy, which is a procedure in which the provider uses a thin scope to examine the inside of your bladder and urethra. A number of conditions can cause it. These lesions are also sometimes known ascervical dysplasiasor cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), High-grade squamous epithelial lesions (HSIL) are more likely to become cervical cancer than LSIL. Squamous epithelial cells are found in your urinary tract and are described as flat skin cells with an irregular outline. The epithelium is a thin tissue that lines glands and organs, including your If you think that you have a urinary tract infection, what can you do to resolve it? Tissue architecture and cell morphology of squamous cell carcinomas compared to granular cell tumours pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia and to normal oral mucosae. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. When you see blood in the urine, it might be alarming. Epithelial cells naturally slough off from your body. Medscape. MUNI. Negative for High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma (NHGUC) The healthcare provider then sends the urine sample to a laboratory for testing. However, the presence of these cells in the urine does not always indicate a serious problem and further diagnostic tests such as a culture of the urine or a biopsy may be necessary to determine the cause. Epithelial cells often are present in the urinary sediment. A urine cytology test screens your urine for precancer or cancer cells. Proteinuria can be classified as transient or persistent (Table 5).21 In transient proteinuria, a temporary change in glomerular hemodynamics causes the protein excess; these conditions follow a benign, self-limited course.34,35 Orthostatic (postural) proteinuria is a benign condition that can result from prolonged standing; it is confirmed by obtaining a negative urinalysis result after eight hours of recumbency. Ureteral cancer happens when cells on the inside lining of the ureter develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. Morphologic classification of inflammatory, nonspecific, and proliferative lesions of the urinary bladder of mice. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You may also have abnormal cells in your urine if youve had radiation therapy near your bladder. According to Johns Hopkins, the finding of renal epithelial cells in urine may indicate a problem with the kidneys.2. 2006;66(9):1253-61. Dysmorphic erythrocytes, which have odd shapes because of their passage through an abnormal glomerulus, suggest glomerular disease. If there are squamous epithelial cells in your urine, it may mean your sample was contaminated. The presence of PMV on otherwise-benign-appearing squamous cells in urine or bladder washing specimens may be a source of confusion in the interpretation of SEM findings. If these cells are present in urine, it means there is contamination. Etiologies include diabetes mellitus, Cushings syndrome, liver and pancreatic disease, and Fanconis syndrome. If your symptoms persist after 2 days, you should visit your doctor. Youll need to take your urine cytology test after your first morning pee. Tough Journeys: When Cancer Strikes People Living With Dementia, Sea Spray Can Waft Polluted Coastal Water Inland, Cats, Dogs 'Part of the Family' for Most American Pet Owners: Poll, Dozens of Medical Groups Launch Effort to Battle Health Misinformation. Once filtered, lowmolecular-weight proteins are reabsorbed and metabolized by the proximal tubule cells. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. A moderate amount of squamous epithelial cells in the urine is not necessarily a cause for concern. If you have atypical, suspicious or cancer cells in your urine, your healthcare provider will likely want you to have further testing such as a cystoscopy or a CT scan to examine your bladder and urinary tract. Both urine and vaginal cytology samples showed mixed cellular populations consisting predominantly of benign urothelial and/or squamous epithelial and inflammatory cells. Article Sources (2013). WebThe distinction between squamous and transitional cell is readily made by SEM, based primarily on cell shape and thickness. Squamous cell carcinoma is atype of cancerthat affects the squamous layers of the epithelium. To monitor bacteria in your pee if you have frequent (recurrent) urinary tract infections (UTIs). This is a corrected version of the article that appeared in print. A scientist called a pathologist, or cytopathologist, examines the cells in the urine sample under a microscope and determines and prepares a report. Epithelial Cells in Urine This article looks in depth at squamous epithelial cells and what their presence in a urine sample indicates. Cells The most common cause of epithelial cells in urine is improper urine sample collection. cells "Few" cells mean that your epithelial cell numbers are considered to be in the normal range, while "moderate" or "many" cells may be a sign of a medical condition like: Know that having results in the abnormal range doesn't always mean you have a medical condition. The time it takes to get the results of your urine cytology test depends on certain factors, including: Every situation is unique, so your healthcare provider will give you a better idea of when to expect your results. But when abnormal epithelial cells appear to have a risk of being concerning or cancerous, treatment involves exercising or removing the abnormal tissue. Last reviewed May 2019. Both men and women can be expected to have benign squamous cells (Fig. They serve as a barrier between the inside and outside of your body, and protect it from viruses. Find out what they are and what you can do about the odor. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a malignant neoplasm derived from bladder urothelium with pure squamous phenotype. Therefore, if you have an abnormal Pap smear, talk to your healthcare provider about the steps you want to take going forward. Cancer of the ureter (the narrow tube that carries urine from your kidney to your bladder). Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Doctors carry our urine analysis to look for the presence of bacteria and germs which cause infection or disease. HPV infection is also associated with squamous cell cancers in other locations. Benign Urothelial Cellscatheterized urine: In this catheter-ized urine, a large group of benign urothelial cells is present at a low power. Triple phosphate crystals may be normal but often are associated with alkaline urine and UTI (typically associated with Proteus species). The most common cause is a UTI, and treatment typically includes doi:10.4143/crt.2016.013. They may indicate a urine test after the treatment to determine whether the disease is cured. Blood in the urine is termed hematuria. Although screening tests for bladder cancer are not conducted routinely, the following tests may be used to diagnose and learn more about bladder cancer: It can be a shock to see blood in your pee. In: Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology. WebBenign versions consist of well-differentiated cells that can be difficult to distinguish from normal tissue (unless in excess for the aspirated site) or hyperplastic lesions (which may require evaluation of tissue architecture, e.g. This test is specific but not highly sensitive. When using the clean catch technique, youll be given a sterilizing cloth to wipe the area around the vagina or penis before giving your urine sample. As cliffside says it is likely coming from urethra inside penis though Association of Clinical Oncologist (ASCO) site says that squamous cells can develop in the bladder lining in response to irritation and inflammation. 3.4) in their urine, although they are much more common in women. Had 2 Turbts done and 6 inductions treatments of BCG. Most people who have a urine analysis test do so by peeing into a sterile container, which doesnt have any risks or side effects. Herein we describe a case of 74-year-old male patient with a benign squamous cell papilloma. Dipstick reagents detect acetic acid through a reaction with sodium nitroprusside or nitro-ferricyanide and glycine. Does the presence of excess squamous epithelial cells in urine indicate cancer? Microhematuria has a range of causes, from benign to life threatening. Comment: Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Among the benign Only your doctor can interpret your test results and decide your best course of action. ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code R82.998 for High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma (Negative DOI: Urinalysis: Three types of examinations. The majority of these By Elizabeth Boskey, PhD In symptomatic patients, a colony count as low as 100 CFU per mL suggests UTI, and antibiotics should be considered. Ketonuria most commonly is associated with uncontrolled diabetes, but it also can occur during pregnancy, carbohydrate-free diets, and starvation. When using the clean catch technique, youll be given a sterilizing cloth to wipe the area around the vagina or penis before giving your urine sample. Renita White, MD, FACOG, is a board-certified obstetrician/gynecologist who practices at Georgia Obstetrics and Gynecology. The presence of PMV on otherwise-benign-appearing squamous cells in urine or bladder washing specimens may be a source of confusion in the interpretation of SEM findings. Its normal to have one to five squamous epithelial cells per high power field (HPF) in your urine. Pathology of Urinary Bladder Squamous Cell Carcinoma Results of repeat urinalysis after 48 to 72 hours should be negative in patients with this condition.30. Having a moderate number or many cells may indicate: The type of epithelial cells in the urine may also signal certain conditions. This situation initially results in alkaline urine, but as the filtered load of bicarbonate decreases, the urine becomes more acidic. The normal range of squamous epithelial cells in urine is typically zero to five squamous epithelial cells per high-power field (HPF). Doctors may also include a urine culture in the tests to check for infection and the presence of cancer.7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.042. (n.d.). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know, Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), The impact of high-risk HPV genotypes other than HPV 16/18 on the natural course of abnormal cervical cytology: A korean HPV cohort study, Tissue architecture and cell morphology of squamous cell carcinomas compared to granular cell tumours pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia and to normal oral mucosae, Follow-up of high-grade or glandular cell abnormal Pap tests, Human papillomavirus vaccination 2020 guideline update: American cancer society guideline adaptation, Follow-up of women with cervical cytological abnormalities showing ascus or LSIL: A nationwide cohort study. A urinalysis is a urine screening test. We will also examine if squamous epithelial cells could be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). A small number of epithelial cells in your urine is normal. Proteinuria is defined as urinary protein excretion of more than 150 mg per day (10 to 20 mg per dL) and is the hallmark of renal disease. It's understandable that abnormal Pap smear results can seem upsetting. Cleveland Clinics Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute touches virtually every patient at Cleveland Clinic and thousands of patients across the world. Short description: Abnormal findings on cytolog and histolog exam of urine The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM R82.8 became effective on October 1, 2022. Applicable To Cells and casts in urine Mostcervical cancers and pre-cancers are caused by infections with human papillomavirus (HPV). Dont be afraid to ask your provider questions throughout the process. They are called transitional cells, renal tubular cells, and squamous cells. Your provider will let you know how much pee they need in the container for the test. In glomerular proteinuria, the most common type, albumin is the primary urinary protein. Epithelial cells are cells that come from surfaces of your body, such as your skin, blood vessels, urinary tract, or organs. After a pathologist creates a report, they will send it to your healthcare provider. They filter waste and fluid from the blood and produce urine. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. Cancer of the ureter (ureteral cancer) is an abnormal growth of cells on the inside lining of the tubes (ureters) that connect your kidneys to your bladder. Its important to follow the instructions for the cleansing wipes carefully. Put another way, the cells are reacting to something around them. The kidneys are located toward the back of the upper abdomen. WebMD. You should drink several glasses of a water a day, but your doctor can advise whats best for you. Microscopic examination is an indispensable part of urinalysis; the identification of casts, cells, crystals, and bacteria aids in the diagnosis of a variety of conditions. Note that the nuclear size is smaller than the size of intermediate squamous cells. Saslow D, Andrews KS, Manassaram-baptiste D, Smith RA, Fontham ETH. However, they may also take a wait and see approach. While urine cytology and urinalysis are both diagnostic tests that involve your urine (pee), they are different. Normal USG can range from 1.003 to 1.030; a value of less than 1.010 indicates relative hydration, and a value greater than 1.020 indicates relative dehydration.14 Increased USG is associated with glycosuria and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone; decreased USG is associated with diuretic use, diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, aldosteronism, and impaired renal function.14 In patients with intrinsic renal insufficiency, USG is fixed at 1.010the specific gravity of the glomerular filtrate. Signs and symptoms of ureteral cancer include: Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that occurs naturally in your body and plays an important role in brain and heart health. However, its the presence of transitional epithelial cells that would indicate a urinary tract infection. How often you pee can provide clues to your overall health. Your provider will let you know their process for how theyll determine and share the results. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Most UTIs are bacterial and can be treated with an antibiotic. If your urine sample shows many squamous epithelial cells, what does that mean? squamous cells in urine Urothelial Cells - Urothelial Cells - Mussen Healthcare Have questions about navigating your Inspire support community or need assistance from one of our Inspire Moderators? undefined will no longer be visible to you including posts, replies, and photos. Urinary specific gravity (USG) correlates with urine osmolality and gives important insight into the patients hydration status. Other factors in your urine sample that can help doctors identify specific health issues are: If you must collect a urine sample, your doctor will usually give you an appropriate container to collect the urine sample. Urology. 2018. Additional tests, such as a biopsy, a CT scan, or an MRI, may be necessary to determine the underlying cause and make a definitive diagnosis. However, remember thatmany cervical changes go away on their own. However, the report states that even a large number of SECs doesnt always indicate a contaminated urine sample.5, The number of SECs, as well as the presence of other chemicals in the urine, can also help rule out UTIs. Midstream clean collection is acceptable in most situations, but the specimen should be examined within two hours of collection. [ corrected] Under high-powered magnification, gram-negative rods, streptococci, and staphylococci can be distinguished by their characteristic appearance. Accessed Nov. 23, 2020. This prevents contaminants from your skin, like epithelial cells, from showing up in your sample. 1996-2021 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved. WebSquamous metaplasia refers to noncancerous (benign) changes in squamous cells in your epithelium. I have either looked at or reviewed many urinalysis reports and it is very common to see squamous epithelial cells in a urine sample. Youll likely need to schedule an appointment at a hospital or laboratory to give your urine sample. 2020 Jul;70(4):274-280.doi:10.3322/caac.21616, Sundstrm K, Lu D, Elfstrm KM, et al. In these patients, five bacteria per HPF represents roughly 100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) per mL, the classic diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic bacteriuria and certainly compatible with a UTI. A strong odor may be the result of a concentrated specimen rather than a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection in women. Uric acid calculi are associated with acidic urine. medlineplus.gov/labtests/epithelialcellsinurine.html, library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html, labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/urinalysis/ui-exams/start/2, What You Should Know About Leukocytes in Urine, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Men: Everything You Should Know. Table 3. You should be careful that the container rim does not touch your genitals. There are several treatment options for excess squamous epithelial cells in the urine, including the following: If the blockage occurs due to a tumor, treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Drink the baking soda remedy 2-3 times a day. WebGood News: Benign for all intensive purposes means that its not something bad. Hematuria, whether it be gross or microscopic, is abnormal and should be further investigated. Overview. Treatment for high levels of epithelial cells in the urine will depend on the underlying cause. It is a highly treatable type of cancer when detected early. It can detect cells, cell fragments or certain substances, like crystals, protein or glucose (sugar), in your urine. Dr. Adam Husney on WebMD says that there is a lot that the color of your urine can tell about your health.6 Also, the level of nitrites in your urine can indicate the presence of bacteria. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. For that reason, your doctor may order a urine test or urinalysis to view your urine under a microscope. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Conclusion: The presence of squamous cells Webpathfinder 2e kingmaker pdf download how to remove mosaic from video file; eoin colfer highfire sequel iowa high school football live stream; ecosusi difference between the bride and the church; arabic eye symbol The rest of the urethra, the bladder, the ureters and the renal pelves are lined with urothelium- also called transitional epithelium. Typically, you will not need to fast or do other preparations before taking the test unless instructed by your healthcare provider. To prepare a urine specimen for microscopic analysis, a fresh sample of 10 to 15 mL of urine should be centrifuged at 1,500 to 3,000 rpm for five minutes. Leukocyte casts in the urinary sediment can help localize the area of inflammation to the kidney. Although the presence of squamous epithelial cells in urine isnt by itself a sign of a UTI, many people assume that this is the case. Regarding the separation of benign reactive cells from dysplasia, Murphy et al reported that large cells with preserved nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios, smooth nuclear contours, and vacuolated cytoplasm supported a benign process. However, theres still debate about this remedys efficacy in the medical community. Dr. Edgar Lerma on Medscape says that urinalysis checks for nitrites in the urine and leukocytes (white blood cells) in urine as well as bacteria. The normal range of squamous epithelial cells in urine is typically zero to five squamous epithelial cells per high-power field (HPF). Squamous cell carcinoma. What a Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Diagnosis Means, Clinics That Offer Free or Low-Cost Pap Smears, High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Treatment. A urine sample is needed for an epithelial cells in urine test. Your provider will go over the results with you and determine the next steps. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html), (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003905.htm), (https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/u/urine-cystology), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute (R. Tomsich). Epithelial Cells in Urine: Types, Test Results, Causes, and If you are a young adultor the parent of a young adult, talk to your healthcare provider about whether the HPV vaccine is a good option for you. Urinary tract infections. Renal tubular. These are the most important of the epithelial cells. An increased number can mean a kidney disorder. Squamous. This is the largest type. They come from the vagina and urethra. Transitional. They can come from anywhere between the male urethra and the renal pelvis. Theyre sometimes called bladder cells, and are more common in older adults. Reactive cells are not cancer cells. MayoMedicalLibrarires. I was diagnosed with T1HG NMIBC in August, 2020. Squamous epithelial cells are found in your urinary tract and are described as flat skin cells with an irregular outline. Before you collect your urine sample, your healthcare provider may give you a special kit that includes a cleaning solution and sanitary wipes to use on your genital area. Partin AW, et al., eds. Learn more about white blood, Males can get urinary tract infections (UTIs), and they are typically classified as complicated infections. Risk factors for a high epithelial cell count in urine include: Once the doctor establishes the root cause for the presence of epithelial cells in the urine, they will initiate a suitable treatment aimed at the underlying cause. Glycosuria occurs when the filtered load of glucose exceeds the ability of the tubule to reabsorb it (i.e., 180 to 200 mg per dL). Glomerular hematuria typically is associated with significant proteinuria, erythrocyte casts, and dysmorphic RBCs. Pathologists can use many different terms on a urine cytology report. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the ACS recommend HPV vaccination begin between ages 11 and 12 and 9 and 12, respectively. Healthy dietary and lifestyle changes are also important. Further evaluation of persistent proteinuria usually includes determination of 24-hour urinary protein excretion or spot urinary protein-creatinine ratio, microscopic examination of the urinary sediment, urinary protein electrophoresis, and assessment of renal function.32. Find out what's normal and what conditions could affect your urine output. Microscopic examination also may detect RBC casts or dysmorphic RBCs. It also can alert the physician to the presence of systemic disease affecting the kidneys. Squamous Cell Copyright 2005 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. squamous cells in urine However, a reading of more than 15-20 SEC/hpf usually indicates that the urine specimen has been contaminated and a new sample should be taken.4. According to doctors from the Mayo Clinic, the 3 types of epithelial cells are:1, Transitional epithelial cells are found in the uterus and bladder. WebBoth men and women can be expected to have benign squamous cells (Fig. Fast Facts: Everything You Need to Know About Urothelial The urinary system removes waste from the body through urine. Healthcare providers use urine cytology to help diagnose urinary system cancers and certain viral diseases. Benign squamous cells are considered normal constituents, especially in voided urine samples. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of R82.8 - other international versions of Microalbuminuria is defined as the excretion of 30 to 150 mg of protein per day and is a sign of early renal disease, particularly in diabetic patients. A centrifuge separates certain cells from the fluid by spinning the sample very quickly. Warner KJ. 2016;48(4):13131320. Treatment of excess squamous epithelial cells in urine depends on the underlying cause. Squamous cells exist throughout your body. Having a large number of epithelial cells in your urine can signal an infection such as a UTI. Cancer of the ureter (ureteral cancer) is an abnormal growth of cells on the inside lining of the tubes (ureters) that connect your kidneys to your bladder. Exercise-induced hematuria is a relatively common, self-limited, and benign condition. Although urinalysis is not recommended as a routine screening tool except in women who may be pregnant, physicians should know how to interpret urinalysis results correctly. What are the risk factors for increased epithelial cells? Patients with dipstick results of 3+ or greater may have significant proteinuria; further work-up is indicated. Wash your hands thoroughly and leave the container in its intended place. Uric acid crystals are yellow to orange-brown and may be diamond- or barrel-shaped. WebIn accordance with the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology, a cytological diagnosis was made and patients with diagnoses of atypical urothelial cells (AUC), suspicious high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC), or high-grade urothelial carcinoma also underwent histological bladder biopsies. Phosphaturia, pyuria, chyluria, lipiduria, hyperoxaluria, Diet high in purine-rich foods (hyperuricosuria), Levodopa (Larodopa), metronidazole (Flagyl), nitrofurantoin (Furadantin), some antimalarial agents, Cascara, levodopa, methyldopa (Aldomet), senna, Amitriptyline (Elavil), indigo carmine, IV cimetidine (Tagamet), IV promethazine (Phenergan), methylene blue, triamterene (Dyrenium), Phenothiazines, phenazopyridine (Pyridium), Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, porphyria, Dehydration, exercise, hemoglobinuria, menstrual blood, myoglobinuria, Captopril (Capoten), elevated specific gravity, pH < 5.1, proteinuria, vitamin C, Elevated specific gravity, uric acid, vitamin C, Acidic urine, elevated specific gravity, mesna (Mesnex), phenolphthalein, some drug metabolites (e.g., levodopa), Elevated specific gravity, glycosuria, ketonuria, proteinuria, some oxidizing drugs (cephalexin [Keflex], nitrofurantoin [Furadantin], tetracycline, gentamicin), vitamin C, Contamination, exposure of dipstick to air, phenazopyridine, Elevated specific gravity, elevated urobilinogen levels, nitrate reductase-negative bacteria, pH < 6.0, vitamin C, Alkaline or concentrated urine, phenazopyridine, quaternary ammonia compounds, Acidic or dilute urine, primary protein is not albumin, Dextran solutions, IV radiopaque dyes, proteinuria, Cancer (kidney, ureteral, bladder, prostate, and urethral), Drugs (e.g., NSAIDs, heparin, warfarin [Coumadin], cyclophosphamide [Cytoxan]), Trauma (e.g., contact sports, running, Foley catheter), Collagen vascular diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), Drugs (e.g., NSAIDs, penicillamine [Cuprimine], gold, ACE inhibitors), Infections (e.g., HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, post-streptococcal infection), Malignancies (e.g., lymphoma, solid tumors), May be a normal finding in patients who play contact sports, Pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, renal inflammatory processes, Acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, eclampsia, nephritic syndrome, allograft rejection, heavy metal ingestion, renal disease, Nephrotic syndrome, renal disease, hypothyroidism.
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