Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. 1993;13:41322. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Bioelectromagnetics. J Mol Neurosci. 1996;180:917. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. 2012;62:22336. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Google Scholar. Lai et al. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. PubMed However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Zhao et al. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Brain Res Rev. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Cookies policy. CAS Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. 2017;52:23947. 1984;5:6370. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. J Neurosci. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Article It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. PubMed Central CAS Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. 2013;34:58998. CAS PLoS One. Int J Radiat Biol. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. 1992;6:379. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Electromagn Biol Med. 2014:125. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Merola et al. Finally, Hardell et al. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Neurosci Lett. Trends Cell Biol. Biomed Environ Sci. 2015;148:150. The role of microRNAs in cancer. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. . J Med Food. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Synapse. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. PLoS One. 2014;9:e95503. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Fragopoulou et al. 2010;2010. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. 2006;12:44651. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Radiat Res. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Google Scholar. Wang et al. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Int J Occup Environ Health. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Bioelectromagnetics. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Am J Epidemiol. Neuroreport. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013;5:5500110. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 1990;39:13543. Harris KM. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. 2017;38:106976. 2007;27:6024. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. 2010;473:525. Terms and Conditions, 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. P Nat Acad. 2010;39:67594. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Google Scholar. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. 2002;13:11921. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 1994;10:13548. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2003;140:147. 1988;9:33745. Cell Biochem Biophys. The effects are usually . 2012;21:6209. 1999;9:3438. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. 2002;57:2702. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Phot J. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Suhhova et al. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Dasdag et al. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Kwon et al. Bull Exp Biol Med. Bioelectromagnetics. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 2004;48:46624. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. 1996;93:46938. Springer Nature. Pathophysiology. 2008;49:16370. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. 2005;22:32931. 1992;49:1818. 2006;5:389. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Mol Brain Res. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Google Scholar. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Sci Total Environ. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. PubMedGoogle Scholar. PubMed Central Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. . Article This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Clinics. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. 1997;44:99104. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large 2009;72:20514. Radiat Res. Bioelectromagnetics. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Chin J Indus Hyg. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). 1999;75:44756. Bioelectromagnetics. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Electromagn Biol Med. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Article The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Wang et al. Mol Cell Biol. 2000;11:16413. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2013;17:711. 2006;79:13140. 2007;96:218196. 2000;284:30017. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Privacy Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . radiation with wavelengths. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Bioelectromagnetics. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. 1984;11:4760. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Chin J Birth Health Hered. J Neuro-Oncol. Cite this article. Annu Rev Physiol. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 1994;8:714. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. 2016;53:210011. Mack et al. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. BMJ. 2002;5:18995. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min.
