Glycogen and Starch are two polymers of glucose that are found in the living cells. Amylose is less abundant and linear, whereas amylopectin is more abundant and has a branched structure. This procedure is answerable for the solidifying of bread or staling, and for the water layer on the head of a starch gel (syneresis). The polysaccharide structure speaks to the principle stockpiling type of glucose in the body. Glycogen is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. What Is the Difference Between Glycogen and Starch? Branching is important because it increases the solubility of glycogen. However, glycogen consists of only one component whose structure is similar to amylopectin. The semicrystalline granules generally consist of concentric layers of amylose and amylopectin which can be made bioavailable upon cellular demand in the plant. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Starches are also a type of complex carbohydrate, but unlike fiber, starches are very digestible. Read More About Photosynthesis Table of Content What is Amylose What is Amylopectin Although glycogen and starch are both storage molecules, their structures are very different, which is why animals can only store complex carbohydrates as glycogen, but not starch, which is specific to plants. When hydrolysed, starch forms alpha glucose which is easily transported and readily used in respiration. While amylose was believed to be totally unbranched, it is currently realized that a portion of its atoms contains a couple of branch points. It is composed of different monosaccharides b. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. So, we hope you understand how crucial it is to understand these two things and their differences. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. It is more highly branched than amylopectin. Both contrast in their glycosidic linkages & their tasks as well. What is the mode of action for beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin a. Three types of complex carbohydrates are amylose and amylopectin starch, which come from plants, and glycogen, which comes from animals. In the liver, glycogen can make up 56% of the organs new weight, and the liver of a grown-up weighing 1.5 kg can store around 100120 grams of glycogen. Glycogen has short but highly branched chains with high molecular Glycogen is made up of the single-molecule whereas starch is made up of two molecules namely amylose and amylopectin. All Rights Reserved. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Glycogen has far more 1,6 glycosidic bonds and is therefore far more branched. All rights reserved. Which is FALSE about cellulose? This means it is very branched and so more compact than amylopectin, and it can be broken down very rapidly to provide the glucose fuel needed for cellular respiration. Enzyme Concentration & Enzyme Activity | Effects, Rate & Graph. Cellulose is an example of an unbranched polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin, a constituent of starch, is a highly branched molecule. Ans 40 : c) it contains more alpha 1,6 linkages of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively. The suffix -saccharide means sugar and the prefix poly- means many. Both can be broken down to glucose molecules for Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In animals, glycogen is produced in liver and skeletal muscle cells and primarily stored in the liver. Starch is used for commercial purposes such as paper and textile industry whereas glycogen is not used for commercial purposes. Its important in our diets as source of fiber, in that it binds together waste in our digestive tracts. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Humans and other vertebrates . Starch: Alpha glucose is the monomer unit in starch. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Science Vs. Pseudoscience: What Are The Differences? Glycogen has far more 1,6 glycosidic bonds and is therefore far more branched. Also, glycogen is more branched than amylopectin. Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells 7 Key Differences, Plant and Animal Cells: Know How They Are Different, 4 Major Differences Between Cottage Cheese and Cream Cheese, Forthcoming Vs. Upcoming: 3 Key Differences, Difference between Accumulated Depreciation and Depreciation Expense, Difference between Hearing Amplifier and Hearing Aid. Explanation: Recall that glycogen phosphorylase can only break terminal alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds; hence, with more branches there are more terminal glucose molecules that are substrates for this catabolic enzyme. The glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds. Well, apart from the ones we have talked about, Glycogen does come with several other perks like: If Glycogen is the component that all living things require, Starch acts as the same carbohydrate source for plants only. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Glycogen vs Starch, both are carbohydrate forms. This is due to the fact that glycogen has a longer chain, while starch has a shorter one. Her passions led her to this blog. Is glycogen more branched than amylopectin? Although herbivorous animals and human beings eat the starch in plants for food, the primary function of starch in plants is for energy storage that plants can access and use when energy is needed at a later time. It is the polymer that is of extreme importance to plants in energy storage and production. Starch particles orchestrate themselves in the plant in semi-glasslike granules. Why is starch less branched than glycogen? Some Articles You Will Find Interesting: The granules swell and burst, the semi-glasslike structure is lost and the littler amylose atoms begin draining out of the granule, framing a system that holds water and expanding the blends thickness. Starch is naturally. Cellulose: Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants. and amylopectin which differ in their properties. Only cellulose is found in plants. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A complex carbohydrate can be made of as few as ten monosaccharides or as many as a few thousand. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Apart from eating and providing energy, Starch is also used for other stuff like manufacturing paper. Liver glycogen stores fill in as a store of glucose for use all through the body, especially the focal apprehensive system. According to the structure and solubility difference, amylose and amylopectin can be separated from each other in starch granules according to the following . You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Glycogen possess chains that are short and profoundly stretched. Glycogen is produced from glucose where excess glucose is converted Amylopectin is a branched-chain polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked primarily by -1,4-glycosidic bonds but with occasional -1,6-glycosidic bonds, which are responsible for the branching. Glycogen is analogous to starch, a glucose polymer in plants, and is sometimes referred to as animal starch, having a similar structure to amylopectin but more extensively branched and compact than starch. starch, is a branched polymer with 1-6 linkages at the branch. In terms of structure, glycogen structures are branched purely and . skeletal muscle etc. The first one is for animals, and the latter is for plants. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. Glycogen and Starch are some of the essential sources of energy for our body! It comprises of two kinds of particles: the helical & linear amylose & the stretched amylopectin. 1 Why is glycogen broken down faster than starch? However, it is the amount of alpha-1,6 linkages that determine the number of branches - since glycogen has many more alpha-1,6 linkages than starch does, it has more branches. broken down to get energy . Starches like amylose and amylopectin link only alpha-type glucose molecules together. Acts as an energy-saving carbohydrate source for plants. This helical structure is stabilised by hydrogen bonds between -OH groups on subsequent glucose units. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Who were the models in Van Halen's finish what you started video? Glycogen and Starch are two different things that have the same functionality. What are the Physical devices used to construct memories? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It is a homopolysaccharide linked entirely by beta linkages b. Who is Katy mixon body double eastbound and down season 1 finale? Both are white powders in their dry state. Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Glycogen is the polymer where the monomer units form the short branched chains. Glycogen is more compact than starch, forming glycogen granules in cells. Both starch and glycogen are stored intracellularly as insoluble granules b. Glycogen is more extensively branched than starch c. Both are homopolymers of glucose d. Amylose is unbranched, amylopectin and glycogen are branched with 1-6 linkages e. Both serve primarily as This problem has been solved! It is a long chain of glucose molecules. The wavelength of the absorption maximum is positively correlated with the outer chain . Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. Starch has a complex molecular structure contain coils, liners, and branches. Amylose is a smaller, more linear molecule that is less common than amylopectin but also comprises a part of the starch storage granules in plants. Amylose is soluble in water, and amylopectin is water-insoluble. The 1-4 linked sections can be seen to coil into a helical shape, and the two 1-6 linkages form helical branches away from the main section. Furthermore, we have made sure to write the thing in a very easy-to-understand manner. 1.1).However, even if glycogen and starch share the same primary structure, they define two entirely different physical states. Allows you to do extremely rigorous exercises and other demanding tasks. At the branch points, subunits are joined by a1g6 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose has beta-1,4 bonds that are not digested by our enzymes (which can digest alfa-1,4 and alfa-1,6 bonds that are present in starch and glycogen). the hydrolysis of glycogen back into glucose-1-phosphate is a catabolic process. Glycogen is stored in liver cells and the muscle cells whereas starch are stored in the amyloplasts of the plant cells. It is composed of different monosaccharides b. Glycogen is a white amorphous powder, poorly soluble in water, and readily hydrolyzed by mineral acids to yield glucose residues. energy so in glycogen there are many terminal ends ,due to high Explanation: Because glycogen is so heavily branched, it is able to pack more glucose units together in a small space, thus it is more compact and has a greater solubility. It possesses glucose deposits as (1-4) glycosidic bonds in amylose, while in amylopectin (1-6) glycosidic linkages at spreading focuses, in any case, (1-4) linkages. The downward arrow shows the dehydration synthesis reaction of glucose and fructose, producing sucrose and water. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Moreover, the fourth carbon atom of each glucose molecule is attached to the first carbon atom (the anomeric carbon) in the next glucose molecule in the straight chain. 1. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Why is the structure of glycogen so much more branched than the structure of starch? The advantage of glycogens highly branched structure is that the multiple ends (shown in red above) are where enzymes start to cleave off glucose molecules. The monomer unit during the formation of glycogen is alpha glucose. Understanding what the difference between a molecule of starch and glycogen is requires comparisons between these two distinct energy storage molecules: Carbohydrates are nutrients that are used to make and store energy. However, it is the amount of alpha-1,6 linkages that determine the number of branches - since glycogen has many more alpha-1,6 linkages than starch does, it has more branches. It has the same structure as amylopectin which is a starch, more widely branched and compacted than starch. The primary function of starch in plants and glycogen in animals is to store energy for later use. Cellulose Function & Purpose | What is Cellulose? Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? While both are polymers of glucose, glycogen is produced by animals and is known as animal starch while starch is produced by plants. branched (Figure 5). Both are white powders in their dry state. Glycogen is produced in the liver and muscle cells of animals. | Glycogen Storage, Breakdown & Formation. grains in cells. The branching in the structure of Glycogen is less complexed compared to Amylopectin. Due to the branched structure, glycogen is a compact and soluble macromolecule, has a low osmotic pressure and allows rapid release of the stored glucose when needed. with high molecular weight. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Glycogen is an analogue of starch, which is the main form of glucose storage in most plants, but starch has fewer branches and is less compact than glycogen. Thymine Structure & Function| What is Thymine? Glycogen resembles amylopectin, but glycogen has more, and shorter, branches than amylopectin. glucose is converted to glycogen for storage when the insulin levels are high. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate made of only one molecule of sugar, which is called a monosaccharide. Cellulose: Cellulose is a straight, long, unbranched chain, which forms H-bonds with adjacent chains. The polysaccharide structure speaks to the principle stockpiling type of glucose in the body. It contains more alpha 1, 4 linkages c. It contains more alpha 1, 6 linkages d. It contains more beta 1, 4 linkages e. It contains more beta 1, 6 linkages 41. Natural starches consist of about 10%30% amylose and 70%90% amylopectin. Starch and glycogen are made when many glucose monosaccharides bind together. Glycogen comprises of a solitary particle and its structure is stretched absolutely. a. Agarose b. Peptidoglycan c. Amylose d. Chitin e. Cellulose 43. Starch is synthesized by plants. Is glycogen more compact than starch? However, Starch, Glycogen & Cellulose In class and our lab we had to set up a table to state the major differences or similarities between the three most important Polysaccharides on the planet, and I found that to be an easier way as it is a lot of information to take in. How the structures of starch and cellulose are related to their functions as storage and structural molecules? What is the purpose of hydrolysis of starch? Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch, it is the form in which excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscle through the process of glycogenisis, where glucose molecules are joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds as well as alpha 1-6 bonds which are branched from the main polysaccharide chain. It serves as the energy storing carbohydrate in animals. Starch is and found in plants and functions as a form of stored energy for plants. Differences. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Starch and glycogen serve as short-term energy stores in plants and animals, respectively. - Definition & Products, What is Starch? Glycogen is a non-osmotic atom, so it tends to be utilized as an answer for putting away glucose in the cell without disturbing osmotic pressure. During hydrolysis, a molecule of water is added to two bonded glucose molecules in starch, breaking their link. Glycogen is the energy storage carbohydrate that is found mainly in animals and fungi whereas Starch is the energy storage carbohydrate that is found predominantly in plants. This molecule is synthesized, stored, modified and used as a building material by plants. Peptide Bond Formation & Examples | What is a Peptide Bond? The enzyme amylase is secreted out of the cells (an exoenzyme) into the surrounding media, catalyzing the breakdown of starch into smaller sugars which can then be absorbed by the cells for use. 11-16). Simple carbohydrates are found in sweet foods like fruit and candy. Both starch and glycogen are stored as granules. Glycogen is another cousin of the glucose family. During dehydration synthesis, the hydroxyl (OH) group on one monosaccharide sugar bonds to a hydrogen (H) on another monosaccharide sugar, which releases a molecule of water (H{eq}_2 {/eq}O). The difference between glycogen and starch is that glycogen is the polymer of glucose that is the main energy component for fungi and animals whereas glucose is the polymer of glucose that is an important energy component for plants. (b) The many branches in glycogen enable many phosphorylase enzymes to work simultaneously for a quick release of glucose when needed. Cuddle Vs Snuggle: What Is The Difference? The highly branched nature of glycogen means water has access to much more of the molecule than it does to amylopectin and as a result glycogen is more soluble. And, without energy, we humans will not be able to survive. Glycogen is more compact than starch, forming glycogen granules in cells. However, there exists branched polysaccharides which are branched by virtue of certain molecules being linked to a molecule via alpha 1,4 and another via alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds. None of these answers; glycogen is not more branched than starch There are less alpha-1,6 linkages There are less alpha-1,4 linkages There are more alpha-1,4 linkages Correct answer: There are more alpha-1,6 linkages Explanation: Lots of alpha-1,4 linkages allow for longer chain lengths in carbohydrates like starch and glycogen. Starch can be used for commercial purposes while Glycogen cannot! component for animals, bacteria and fungi. Create your account. What You Need To Know About Glycogen Glycogen is the polymeric carbohydrate of glucose that is the major component for animals, bacteria and fungi. Glycogen and starch are highly branched, as the diagram at right shows. Starch is a storage form of energy in plants. Most of the starch in plants is stored as amylopectin, which is a branched molecule. If glycogen is also in less amount then fats are Starch is a sugar created by every single green plant that has countless glucose units used to store vitality. A molecule of amylopectin may contain many thousands of glucose units with branch points occurring about every 2530 units. Also, glycogen is more branched than amylopectin. 2020 Reproduction of content from this website, either in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Amylopectin exhibits better solubility than amylose due to the highly branched structure, although the latter has relative low molecular weight (amylose, 10 5; amylopectin, 10 7 -10 9). What is Glycogen? a. connected by bonds to make up the complete structure of glycogen. In industry, starch is changed over into sugars, for instance by malting, and matured to deliver ethanol in the production of lager, whisky, & biofuel. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are monosaccharides and are all reducing sugars. Glycogen is the energy storage carbohydrate that is found mainly in animals and fungi whereas Starch is the energy storage carbohydrate that is found predominantly in plants. a. So, it is time that we start looking up the differences between the two. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. After glucose is made in photosynthesis, it undergoes a series of dehydration synthesis reactions to produce starch. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Anne has experience in science research and creative writing. Glycogen is made up of only one molecule while starch is made up of two. In spite of the fact that their chains have slight contrasts at the branch points. Basic Science Lab Skills: Help and Review, Inorganic Chemistry Review for High School Biology: Help and Review, Essentials of Cell Biology: Help and Review, Requirements of Biological Systems: Help and Review, Cellular Respiration: Energy Transfer in Cells, Redox Reactions & Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration: Definitions and Examples, Glycolysis Pathway: Steps, Products & Importance, The Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle: Products and Steps, The Electron Transport Chain: Products and Steps, Lactic Acid & Alcoholic Fermentation: Comparison, Contrast & Examples, Chlorophyll: Absorbing Light Energy for Photosynthesis, Photolysis and the Light Reactions: Definitions, Steps, Reactants & Products, Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis: The Calvin-Benson Cycle, Starch vs. Cellulose: Structure & Function, Starch vs. Glycogen: Structure & Function, Thyroglobulin & Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies, What is Metabolic Waste? roots, tubers etc. chains (amylopectin). Lots of alpha-1,4 linkages allow for longer chain lengths in carbohydrates like starch and glycogen. Learn what the difference between glycogen and starch is. Mass: Starch has a smaller mass than glycogen. It is handled to deliver a considerable lot of the sugars utilized in prepared nourishments. Glycogen is the analogue of starch, a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants. Even then energy is needed then at last Starch is edible and can be eaten safely by humans as we have the enzymes which can break it down into glucose. In animals, the enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to phosphate esters of glucose. Starch is a glucose polymer in which all repeat units are directed in one direction and connected by alpha bonds. Contingent upon the plant, starch normally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. To stay aware of our bodys vitality need, we need to get a generous admission of sugar or glucose which is a vitality ingredient for our cells. Glycogen is the storage molecule in animals, starch in plants. What is the other name of Newton's first law of motion? The reason is due to the different types of bonding between cellulose and starch. Thus, we can rule out both answer choices that include beta. Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that fills in as a type of vitality stockpiling in animals (including humans), parasites, and bacteria. Difference Between Oogenesis And Spermatogenesis [American Edition]. She has a graduate degree in nutritional microbiology and undergraduate degrees in microbiology and English (myth & folklore). Then another chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule from the two glucose molecules, bonding them together to make glycogen. An iodine test can be used for the detection of starch in a given sample. Another name for complex carbohydrates, which includes starch and glycogen, is polysaccharides, which means many sugars. Monosaccharide contains only one sugar unit, they are the simplest carbohydrates. - Definition, Function & Chemical Formula, Cell Division in Biology: Help and Review, Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA - in Biology: Help and Review, The Steps of DNA Replication: Help and Review, Transcription and Translation of Nucleic Acids: Help and Review, Genetics and Heredity in Biology: Help and Review, Genetic Mutations in Biology: Help and Review, DNA Technology and Genomics: Help and Review, Bacterial Biology Essentials: Help and Review, The Origin of the Universe and Life on Earth: Help and Review, Geologic Time, Dating & Fossils: Help and Review, The Evolution & Classification of Organisms: Help and Review, Plant Reproduction & Growth Cycles: Help and Review, Introduction to Invertebrates: Help and Review, Introduction to Vertebrates: Help and Review, Circulatory System & Other Systems: Help & Review, The Nervous, Immune, and Endocrine Systems: Help and Review, Animal Reproduction & Embryonic Development: Help and Review, Human Reproductive Systems: Help and Review, Ecology and the Environment: Help and Review, Human Effects on the Environment: Help and Review, Laboratory Techniques for Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering: Help and Review, Analyzing Scientific Data in Biology: Help and Review, UExcel Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Human Anatomy & Physiology: Help and Review, UExcel Earth Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, NY Regents Exam - Earth Science: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Living Environment: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Physics: Tutoring Solution, Middle School Earth Science: Help and Review, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test Physics: Tutoring Solution, Aldosterone: Definition, Function & Effects. When glucose molecules repeatedly undergo dehydration synthesis reactions with other glucose molecules, they form complex carbohydrates like glycogen, amylose starch, or amylopectin starch, depending on how they are put together. differences between Ionic Bond and Covalent Bond. It has a structure similar to amylopectin (a component of starch), but is more extensively branched and compact than starch. What distinguishes cellulose from glycogen and starch? It contains more alpha 1, 4 linkages c. It contains more alpha 1, 6 linkages d. It contains more beta 1, 4 linkages e. It contains more beta 1, 6 linkages 41. Glycogen has a chemical structure that has more branches than starch. 40. Animals store a polysaccharide called glycogen, a polymer. Difference Between Amylose And Amylopectin, Difference Between Amylose And Amylopectin [Notes & PDF], Polysaccharide Vs. Disaccharide Vs. Monosaccharide: (Notes & PDF), Difference Between Anabolism And Catabolism [Notes & PDF], Difference Between Hemoglobin And Myoglobin [Notes & PDF], Differences Between Plasmodium vivax And falciparum [Notes & PDF], 10 Difference Between Alpha And Beta Glucose, 10 Difference Between Dual Core And Core 2 Duo Processors, 7 Difference Between Isotopes And Isobars With Examples, 9 Difference Between Gravity And Spring Control, 10 Difference Between Cladogram And Phylogenetic Tree, 6 Difference Between Total Utility And Marginal Utility (With Chart). It is a branched polymer composed of glucose units. However, glycogen consists of only one component whose structure is similar to amylopectin. compared to what? Many hydrogen bonds form producing strong cross-linking between the long straight cellulose molecules. Starch is a storage form of energy in plants. Starch can be applied to parts of certain pieces of clothing before pressing, to solidify them. It is made up of the 2 molecules amylose and amylopectin. Starch is produced in the plastids of plants. SHARING IS . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Glycogen is more compact than starch, forming Glycogen is more compact than starch, forming glycogen granules in cells. Phosphorous Cycle Overview & Importance | What is the Phosphorous Cycle? Which of the following metals remain in liquid for under normal conditions? Glycogen also known with the name animal starch, is a wellspring of vitality that can be found in creatures as it were. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. When cell needs energy then the first molecule which is used is Starch is mainly found in cereals, vegetables, roots, tubers etc. Glycogen is stored in the liver and in muscle cells. The vision is to cover all differences with great depth. make up the complete structure of glycogen. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Glycogen is a highly branched, complex carbohydrate made from many thousands of glucose molecules bonded together. She has also worked as an ocean and Earth science educator. Glycogen is a highly branched complex carbohdrate with a protein center, whereas starch is comprised of two different complex carbohydrates (amylose and amylopectin). Both starch (amylose and amylopectin) and glycogen function as energy storage molecules. Starch is further formed by the combination of two kinds of molecules namely amylose and amylopectin. It is composed of repeating N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) units c. Peptide chains attached to NAM residues crosslink with peptide chains from other NAM residues d. It is a structural polysaccharide found only in bacteria e. All of the above 44.
